READ THE CODE

Inside Bitcoin

The code behind the network, with room to understand it.

Stable release v32.1bitcoin/bitcoin · f0de87f04062 ↗3,020 source files · 47.5 MB stored on the server440 file guides

Release published 2026-10-28 · Snapshot fetched 2026-11-01. Latest stable release at fetch time; development branches and Git history are excluded. Only the selected code window and visible folders load here.

22,673 bytes · SHA-256 d15ed2c7620e217b… · View upstream ↗

1// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
2// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
3// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
4
5#include <sqlite3.h>
6#include <stdio.h>
7#include <stdlib.h>
8#include <time.h>
9
10#include "util/histogram.h"
11#include "util/random.h"
12#include "util/testutil.h"
13
14// Comma-separated list of operations to run in the specified order
15//   Actual benchmarks:
16//
17//   fillseq       -- write N values in sequential key order in async mode
18//   fillseqsync   -- write N/100 values in sequential key order in sync mode
19//   fillseqbatch  -- batch write N values in sequential key order in async mode
20//   fillrandom    -- write N values in random key order in async mode
21//   fillrandsync  -- write N/100 values in random key order in sync mode
22//   fillrandbatch -- batch write N values in sequential key order in async mode
23//   overwrite     -- overwrite N values in random key order in async mode
24//   fillrand100K  -- write N/1000 100K values in random order in async mode
25//   fillseq100K   -- write N/1000 100K values in sequential order in async mode
26//   readseq       -- read N times sequentially
27//   readrandom    -- read N times in random order
28//   readrand100K  -- read N/1000 100K values in sequential order in async mode
29static const char* FLAGS_benchmarks =
30    "fillseq,"
31    "fillseqsync,"
32    "fillseqbatch,"
33    "fillrandom,"
34    "fillrandsync,"
35    "fillrandbatch,"
36    "overwrite,"
37    "overwritebatch,"
38    "readrandom,"
39    "readseq,"
40    "fillrand100K,"
41    "fillseq100K,"
42    "readseq,"
43    "readrand100K,";
44
45// Number of key/values to place in database
46static int FLAGS_num = 1000000;
47
48// Number of read operations to do.  If negative, do FLAGS_num reads.
49static int FLAGS_reads = -1;
50
51// Size of each value
52static int FLAGS_value_size = 100;
53
54// Print histogram of operation timings
55static bool FLAGS_histogram = false;
56
57// Arrange to generate values that shrink to this fraction of
58// their original size after compression
59static double FLAGS_compression_ratio = 0.5;
60
61// Page size. Default 1 KB.
62static int FLAGS_page_size = 1024;
63
64// Number of pages.
65// Default cache size = FLAGS_page_size * FLAGS_num_pages = 4 MB.
66static int FLAGS_num_pages = 4096;
67
68// If true, do not destroy the existing database.  If you set this
69// flag and also specify a benchmark that wants a fresh database, that
70// benchmark will fail.
71static bool FLAGS_use_existing_db = false;
72
73// If true, we allow batch writes to occur
74static bool FLAGS_transaction = true;
75
76// If true, we enable Write-Ahead Logging
77static bool FLAGS_WAL_enabled = true;
78
79// Use the db with the following name.
80static const char* FLAGS_db = nullptr;
81
82inline static void ExecErrorCheck(int status, char* err_msg) {
83  if (status != SQLITE_OK) {
84    fprintf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", err_msg);
85    sqlite3_free(err_msg);
86    exit(1);
87  }
88}
89
90inline static void StepErrorCheck(int status) {
91  if (status != SQLITE_DONE) {
92    fprintf(stderr, "SQL step error: status = %d\n", status);
93    exit(1);
94  }
95}
96
97inline static void ErrorCheck(int status) {
98  if (status != SQLITE_OK) {
99    fprintf(stderr, "sqlite3 error: status = %d\n", status);
100    exit(1);
101  }
102}
103
104inline static void WalCheckpoint(sqlite3* db_) {
105  // Flush all writes to disk
106  if (FLAGS_WAL_enabled) {
107    sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(db_, nullptr, SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, nullptr,
108                              nullptr);
109  }
110}
111
112namespace leveldb {
113
114// Helper for quickly generating random data.
115namespace {
116class RandomGenerator {
117 private:
118  std::string data_;
119  int pos_;
120
121 public:
122  RandomGenerator() {
123    // We use a limited amount of data over and over again and ensure
124    // that it is larger than the compression window (32KB), and also
125    // large enough to serve all typical value sizes we want to write.
126    Random rnd(301);
127    std::string piece;
128    while (data_.size() < 1048576) {
129      // Add a short fragment that is as compressible as specified
130      // by FLAGS_compression_ratio.
131      test::CompressibleString(&rnd, FLAGS_compression_ratio, 100, &piece);
132      data_.append(piece);
133    }
134    pos_ = 0;
135  }
136
137  Slice Generate(int len) {
138    if (pos_ + len > data_.size()) {
139      pos_ = 0;
140      assert(len < data_.size());
141    }
142    pos_ += len;
143    return Slice(data_.data() + pos_ - len, len);
144  }
145};
146
147static Slice TrimSpace(Slice s) {
148  int start = 0;
149  while (start < s.size() && isspace(s[start])) {
150    start++;
151  }
152  int limit = s.size();
153  while (limit > start && isspace(s[limit - 1])) {
154    limit--;
155  }
156  return Slice(s.data() + start, limit - start);
157}
158
159}  // namespace
160
161class Benchmark {
162 private:
163  sqlite3* db_;
164  int db_num_;
165  int num_;
166  int reads_;
167  double start_;
168  double last_op_finish_;
169  int64_t bytes_;
170  std::string message_;
171  Histogram hist_;
172  RandomGenerator gen_;
173  Random rand_;
174
175  // State kept for progress messages
176  int done_;
177  int next_report_;  // When to report next
178
179  void PrintHeader() {
180    const int kKeySize = 16;
181    PrintEnvironment();
182    fprintf(stdout, "Keys:       %d bytes each\n", kKeySize);
183    fprintf(stdout, "Values:     %d bytes each\n", FLAGS_value_size);
184    fprintf(stdout, "Entries:    %d\n", num_);
185    fprintf(stdout, "RawSize:    %.1f MB (estimated)\n",
186            ((static_cast<int64_t>(kKeySize + FLAGS_value_size) * num_) /
187             1048576.0));
188    PrintWarnings();
189    fprintf(stdout, "------------------------------------------------\n");
190  }
191
192  void PrintWarnings() {
193#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__OPTIMIZE__)
194    fprintf(
195        stdout,
196        "WARNING: Optimization is disabled: benchmarks unnecessarily slow\n");
197#endif
198#ifndef NDEBUG
199    fprintf(stdout,
200            "WARNING: Assertions are enabled; benchmarks unnecessarily slow\n");
201#endif
202  }
203
204  void PrintEnvironment() {
205    fprintf(stderr, "SQLite:     version %s\n", SQLITE_VERSION);
206
207#if defined(__linux)
208    time_t now = time(nullptr);
209    fprintf(stderr, "Date:       %s", ctime(&now));  // ctime() adds newline
210
211    FILE* cpuinfo = fopen("/proc/cpuinfo", "r");
212    if (cpuinfo != nullptr) {
213      char line[1000];
214      int num_cpus = 0;
215      std::string cpu_type;
216      std::string cache_size;
217      while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), cpuinfo) != nullptr) {
218        const char* sep = strchr(line, ':');
219        if (sep == nullptr) {
220          continue;
221        }
222        Slice key = TrimSpace(Slice(line, sep - 1 - line));
223        Slice val = TrimSpace(Slice(sep + 1));
224        if (key == "model name") {
225          ++num_cpus;
226          cpu_type = val.ToString();
227        } else if (key == "cache size") {
228          cache_size = val.ToString();
229        }
230      }
231      fclose(cpuinfo);
232      fprintf(stderr, "CPU:        %d * %s\n", num_cpus, cpu_type.c_str());
233      fprintf(stderr, "CPUCache:   %s\n", cache_size.c_str());
234    }
235#endif
236  }
237
238  void Start() {
239    start_ = Env::Default()->NowMicros() * 1e-6;
240    bytes_ = 0;
241    message_.clear();
242    last_op_finish_ = start_;
243    hist_.Clear();
244    done_ = 0;
245    next_report_ = 100;
246  }
247
248  void FinishedSingleOp() {
249    if (FLAGS_histogram) {
250      double now = Env::Default()->NowMicros() * 1e-6;

src/wallet/receive.cpp

src/wallet/coinselection.cpp

src/consensus/validation.h

src/primitives/transaction.cpp

src/script/descriptor.cpp

src/bitcoin-cli.cpp

src/rpc/blockchain.cpp

src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp

src/init.cpp

src/crypto/sha256.cpp

src/consensus/merkle.h

src/consensus/tx_check.h

src/consensus/tx_verify.h

src/policy/feerate.h

src/policy/feerate.cpp

src/primitives/transaction_identifier.h

src/chainparamsbase.h

src/chainparamsbase.cpp

src/util/moneystr.cpp

src/crypto/ripemd160.h

src/crypto/sha1.h

src/crypto/sha512.h

src/crypto/hmac_sha256.h

src/crypto/hmac_sha512.h

src/crypto/hmac_sha256.cpp

src/crypto/hmac_sha512.cpp

src/crypto/hkdf_sha256_32.h

src/crypto/hkdf_sha256_32.cpp

src/support/cleanse.h

src/support/cleanse.cpp

src/crypto/siphash.cpp

src/crypto/muhash.h

src/crypto/chacha20.h

src/crypto/poly1305.h

src/crypto/chacha20poly1305.h

src/crypto/chacha20poly1305.cpp

src/util/chaintype.cpp

src/util/obfuscation.h

src/util/byte_units.h

src/util/overflow.h

src/blockencodings.cpp

src/net_permissions.cpp

src/policy/packages.cpp

src/policy/rbf.cpp

src/policy/truc_policy.cpp

src/policy/ephemeral_policy.cpp

src/policy/settings.cpp

src/policy/policy.cpp

src/node/transaction.cpp

src/node/coin.cpp

src/rpc/client.cpp

src/rpc/external_signer.cpp

src/rpc/request.cpp

src/rpc/server_util.cpp

src/rpc/fees.cpp

src/rpc/output_script.cpp

src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.cpp

src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.h

src/rpc/register.h

src/rpc/request.h

src/rpc/server_util.h

src/rpc/protocol.h

src/rpc/server.h

src/rpc/signmessage.cpp

src/rpc/txoutproof.cpp

src/rpc/util.cpp

src/rpc/util.h

src/wallet/rpc/addresses.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/backup.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/coins.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/encrypt.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/signmessage.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/util.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/util.h

src/wallet/coincontrol.cpp

src/wallet/coincontrol.h

src/wallet/context.cpp

src/wallet/context.h

src/wallet/crypter.cpp

src/wallet/crypter.h

src/wallet/db.cpp

src/wallet/export.cpp

src/wallet/external_signer_scriptpubkeyman.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/spend.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/transactions.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/wallet.cpp

src/wallet/feebumper.cpp

src/wallet/feebumper.h

src/index/base.h

src/index/base.cpp

src/index/txindex.h

src/index/txindex.cpp

src/index/txindex_key.h

src/index/txospenderindex.h

src/index/txospenderindex.cpp

src/index/blockfilterindex.h

src/index/blockfilterindex.cpp

src/index/coinstatsindex.h

src/index/coinstatsindex.cpp

src/index/db_key.h

src/index/disktxpos.h

src/kernel/chain.cpp

src/kernel/chain.h

src/kernel/checks.cpp

src/kernel/checks.h

src/kernel/context.cpp

src/kernel/context.h

src/kernel/cs_main.cpp

src/kernel/cs_main.h

src/kernel/disconnected_transactions.cpp

src/kernel/disconnected_transactions.h

src/kernel/mempool_removal_reason.cpp

src/kernel/mempool_removal_reason.h

src/kernel/coinstats.cpp

src/kernel/coinstats.h

src/kernel/chainparams.cpp

src/kernel/chainparams.h

src/wallet/sqlite.cpp

src/wallet/sqlite.h

src/wallet/transaction.cpp

src/wallet/transaction.h

src/wallet/dump.cpp

src/wallet/dump.h

src/wallet/init.cpp

src/wallet/walletutil.cpp

src/wallet/walletutil.h

src/wallet/wallettool.cpp

src/wallet/wallettool.h

src/wallet/export.h

src/wallet/migrate.cpp

src/wallet/migrate.h

src/wallet/db.h

src/wallet/walletdb.cpp

src/wallet/interfaces.cpp

src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp

src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h

src/kernel/bitcoinkernel.cpp

src/kernel/bitcoinkernel.h

src/kernel/bitcoinkernel_wrapper.h

src/node/chainstate.cpp

src/node/chainstate.h

src/node/blockstorage.cpp

src/node/blockstorage.h

src/node/mempool_persist.cpp

src/node/mempool_persist.h

src/node/utxo_snapshot.cpp

src/node/utxo_snapshot.h

src/node/kernel_notifications.cpp

src/node/kernel_notifications.h

src/node/blockmanager_args.cpp

src/kernel/blockmanager_opts.h

src/util/expected.cpp

src/policy/settings.h

src/util/types.h

src/kernel/messagestartchars.h

src/kernel/warning.h

src/util/exception.h

src/common/license_info.h

src/node/coins_view_args.h

src/node/database_args.h

src/util/batchpriority.h

src/util/ui_change_type.h

src/node/coins_view_args.cpp

src/node/peerman_args.h

src/util/serfloat.h

src/node/blockmanager_args.h

src/node/database_args.cpp

src/util/overloaded.h

src/interfaces/types.h

src/node/chainstatemanager_args.h

src/node/minisketchwrapper.h

src/util/macros.h

src/util/syserror.h

src/common/run_command.h

src/util/bytevectorhash.cpp

src/node/mempool_persist_args.cpp

src/util/exec.h

src/util/rbf.h

src/crypto/hex_base.h

src/node/mempool_persist_args.h

src/interfaces/echo.h

src/util/any.h

src/util/batchpriority.cpp

src/util/threadnames.h

src/node/coin.h

src/node/mempool_args.h

src/util/asmap.h

src/util/bytevectorhash.h

src/node/context.cpp

src/util/insert.h

src/util/readwritefile.h

src/node/peerman_args.cpp

src/node/interface_ui.cpp

src/interfaces/handler.h

src/node/mining_args.h

src/util/hasher.cpp

src/common/init.h

src/kernel/mempool_limits.h

src/common/system.h

src/crypto/sha3.h

src/util/threadinterrupt.cpp

src/node/protocol_version.h

src/util/exception.cpp

src/common/messages.h

src/node/connection_types.cpp

src/util/bip32.h

src/common/license_info.cpp

src/util/stdmutex.h

src/common/run_command.cpp

src/util/check.cpp

src/util/golombrice.h

src/node/types.h

src/node/timeoffsets.h

src/util/readwritefile.cpp

src/util/fastrange.h

src/util/signalinterrupt.h

src/util/task_runner.h

src/util/syserror.cpp

src/common/interfaces.cpp

src/common/types.h

src/util/threadinterrupt.h

src/kernel/chainstatemanager_opts.h

src/node/psbt.h

src/policy/ephemeral_policy.h

src/util/trace.h

src/common/url.cpp

src/kernel/mempool_options.h

src/util/serfloat.cpp

src/kernel/notifications_interface.h

src/node/timeoffsets.cpp

src/node/warnings.cpp

src/util/hash_type.h

src/crypto/hex_base.cpp

src/node/eviction.h

src/util/tokenbucket.h

src/crypto/aes.h

src/common/pcp.h

src/util/feefrac.cpp

src/node/transaction.h

src/util/threadnames.cpp

src/common/signmessage.h

src/util/exec.cpp

src/util/signalinterrupt.cpp

src/clientversion.cpp

src/common/signmessage.cpp

src/compat/assumptions.h

src/compat/byteswap.h

src/deploymentinfo.cpp

src/deploymentinfo.h

src/deploymentstatus.cpp

src/deploymentstatus.h

src/dummywallet.cpp

src/external_signer.h

src/init/bitcoin-gui.cpp

src/init/bitcoin-node.cpp

src/init/bitcoin-qt.cpp

src/init/bitcoin-wallet.cpp

src/init/bitcoind.cpp

src/init/common.h

src/interfaces/init.h

src/interfaces/ipc.h

src/key_io.h

src/logging/categories.h

src/logging/timer.h

src/mapport.h

src/musig.h

src/net_permissions.h

src/netgroup.h

src/netmessagemaker.h

src/node/chainstatemanager_args.cpp

src/node/connection_types.h

src/node/context.h

src/node/interface_ui.h

src/node/mempool_args.cpp

src/node/mining_args.cpp

src/node/minisketchwrapper.cpp

src/node/txreconciliation.h

src/policy/fees/estimator_args.cpp

src/policy/fees/estimator_args.h

src/policy/fees/estimator_man.cpp

src/policy/fees/estimator_man.h

src/policy/packages.h

src/policy/rbf.h

src/policy/truc_policy.h

src/pow.h

src/primitives/block.cpp

src/randomenv.h

src/rest.h

src/script/keyorigin.h

src/script/parsing.cpp

src/script/parsing.h

src/script/script_error.h

src/script/sigcache.cpp

src/script/sigcache.h

src/script/solver.h

src/script/verify_flags.h

src/semaphore_grant.h

src/signet.h

src/span.h

src/support/allocators/secure.h

src/support/allocators/zeroafterfree.h

src/util/tokenpipe.cpp

src/util/translation.h

src/util/vector.h

src/versionbits.h

src/versionbits_impl.h

src/wallet/external_signer_scriptpubkeyman.h

src/wallet/fees.h

src/wallet/load.h

src/wallet/receive.h

src/wallet/rpc/wallet.h

src/wallet/types.h

src/walletinitinterface.h

src/zmq/zmqabstractnotifier.cpp

Independent explanations by MyBitcoinExplorer. Not affiliated with or endorsed by Bitcoin Core. Guides are educational and do not replace the source or its tests.

Bitcoin Core source © its contributors, distributed under the MIT license. Original notices and bundled third-party licenses are retained in the source tree.