READ THE CODE

Inside Bitcoin

The code behind the network, with room to understand it.

Stable release v32.1bitcoin/bitcoin · f0de87f04062 ↗3,020 source files · 47.5 MB stored on the server340 file guides

Release published 2026-10-28 · Snapshot fetched 2026-11-01. Latest stable release at fetch time; development branches and Git history are excluded. Only the selected code window and visible folders load here.

8,514 bytes · SHA-256 fe00582f89657c0d… · View upstream ↗

1Bitcoin Core version 29.1 is now available from:
2
3  <https://bitcoincore.org/bin/bitcoin-core-29.1/>
4
5This release includes various bug fixes and performance
6improvements, as well as updated translations.
7
8Please report bugs using the issue tracker at GitHub:
9
10  <https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues>
11
12To receive security and update notifications, please subscribe to:
13
14  <https://bitcoincore.org/en/list/announcements/join/>
15
16How to Upgrade
17==============
18
19If you are running an older version, shut it down. Wait until it has completely
20shut down (which might take a few minutes in some cases), then run the
21installer (on Windows) or just copy over `/Applications/Bitcoin-Qt` (on macOS)
22or `bitcoind`/`bitcoin-qt` (on Linux).
23
24Upgrading directly from a version of Bitcoin Core that has reached its EOL is
25possible, but it might take some time if the data directory needs to be migrated. Old
26wallet versions of Bitcoin Core are generally supported.
27
28Compatibility
29==============
30
31Bitcoin Core is supported and tested on operating systems using the
32Linux Kernel 3.17+, macOS 13+, and Windows 10+. Bitcoin
33Core should also work on most other Unix-like systems but is not as
34frequently tested on them. It is not recommended to use Bitcoin Core on
35unsupported systems.
36
37Notable changes
38===============
39
40### Mempool Policy
41
42- The maximum number of potentially executed legacy signature operations in a
43  single standard transaction is now limited to 2500. Signature operations in all
44  previous output scripts, in all input scripts, as well as all P2SH redeem
45  scripts (if there are any) are counted toward the limit. The new limit is
46  assumed to not affect any known typically formed standard transactions. The
47  change was done to prepare for a possible BIP54 deployment in the future.
48
49- #32521 policy: make pathological transactions packed with legacy sigops non-standard
50
51- The minimum block feerate (`-blockmintxfee`) has been changed to 1 satoshi per kvB. It can still be changed using the
52configuration option.
53
54- The default minimum relay feerate (`-minrelaytxfee`) and incremental relay feerate (`-incrementalrelayfee`) have been
55changed to 100 satoshis per kvB. They can still be changed using their respective configuration options, but it is
56recommended to change both together if you decide to do so.
57  - Other minimum feerates (e.g. the dust feerate, the minimum returned by the fee estimator, and all feerates used by
58  the wallet) remain unchanged. The mempool minimum feerate still changes in response to high volume.
59  - Note that unless these lower defaults are widely adopted across the network, transactions created with lower fee
60  rates are not guaranteed to propagate or confirm. The wallet feerates remain unchanged; `-mintxfee` must be changed
61  before attempting to create transactions with lower feerates using the wallet.
62
63- #33106 policy: lower the default blockmintxfee, incrementalrelayfee, minrelaytxfee
64
65### Logging
66
67Unconditional logging to disk is now rate limited by giving each source location
68a quota of 1MiB per hour. Unconditional logging is any logging with a log level
69higher than debug, that is `info`, `warning`, and `error`. All logs will be
70prefixed with `[*]` if there is at least one source location that is currently
71being suppressed. (#32604)
72
73When `-logsourcelocations` is enabled, the log output now contains the entire
74function signature instead of just the function name. (#32604)
75
76### RPC
77
78- The `dumptxoutset` RPC now requires a `type` parameter to be specified. To maintain pre
79  v29.0 behavior, use the `latest` parameter. Documenting this change was missed in the v29.0
80  release notes. (#30808)
81
82### Updated Settings
83
84- The `-maxmempool` and `-dbcache` startup parameters are now capped on
85  32-bit systems to 500MB and 1GiB respectively.
86
87- #32530 node: cap -maxmempool and -dbcache values for 32-bit
88
89### Wallet
90
91- #31757 wallet: fix crash on double block disconnection
92- #32553 wallet: Fix logging of wallet version
93
94### P2P
95
96- #32826 p2p: add more bad ports
97
98### Test
99
100- #32069 test: fix intermittent failure in wallet_reorgsrestore.py
101- #32286 test: Handle empty string returned by CLI as None in RPC tests
102- #32312 test: Fix feature_pruning test after nTime typo fix
103- #32336 test: Suppress upstream -Wduplicate-decl-specifier in bpfcc
104- #32463 test: fix an incorrect feature_fee_estimation.py subtest
105- #32483 test: fix two intermittent failures in wallet_basic.py
106- #32630 test: fix sync function in rpc_psbt.py
107- #32765 test: Fix list index out of range error in feature_bip68_sequence.py
108- #32742 test: fix catchup loop in outbound eviction functional test
109- #32823 test: Fix wait_for_getheaders() call in test_outbound_eviction_blocks_relay_only()
110- #32833 test: Add msgtype to msg_generic slots
111- #32841 feature_taproot: sample tx version border values more
112- #32850 test: check P2SH sigop count for coinbase tx
113- #32859 test: correctly detect nonstd TRUC tx vsize in feature_taproot
114- #33001 test: Do not pass tests on unhandled exceptions
115
116### Indexes
117
118- #33212 index: Don't commit state in BaseIndex::Rewind
119
120### Util
121
122- #32248 Remove support for RNDR/RNDRRS for aarch64
123
124### Build
125
126- #32356 cmake: Respect user-provided configuration-specific flags
127- #32437 crypto: disable ASan for sha256_sse4 with Clang
128- #32469 cmake: Allow WITH_DBUS on all Unix-like systems
129- #32439 guix: accomodate migration to codeberg
130- #32551 cmake: Add missed SSE41_CXXFLAGS
131- #32568 depends: use "mkdir -p" when installing xproto
132- #32678 guix: warn and abort when SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH is set
133- #32690 depends: fix SHA256SUM command on OpenBSD (use GNU mode output)
134- #32716 depends: Override host compilers for FreeBSD and OpenBSD
135- #32760 depends: capnp 1.2.0
136- #32798 build: add root dir to CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH in toolchain
137- #32805 cmake: Use HINTS instead of PATHS in find_* commands
138- #32814 cmake: Explicitly specify Boost_ROOT for Homebrew's package
139- #32837 depends: fix libevent _WIN32_WINNT usage
140- #32943 depends: Force CMAKE_EXPORT_NO_PACKAGE_REGISTRY=TRUE
141- #32954 cmake: Drop no longer necessary "cmakeMinimumRequired" object
142- #33073 guix: warn SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH set in guix-codesign
143
144### Gui
145
146- #864 Crash fix, disconnect numBlocksChanged() signal during shutdown
147- #868 Replace stray tfm::format to cerr with qWarning
148
149### Doc
150
151- #32333 doc: Add missing top-level description to pruneblockchain RPC
152- #32353 doc: Fix fuzz test_runner.py path
153- #32389 doc: Fix test_bitcoin path
154- #32607 rpc: Note in fundrawtransaction doc, fee rate is for package
155- #32679 doc: update tor docs to use bitcoind binary from path
156- #32693 depends: fix cmake compatibility error for freetype
157- #32696 doc: make -DWITH_ZMQ=ON explicit on build-unix.md
158- #32708 rpc, doc: update listdescriptors RCP help
159- #32711 doc: add missing packages for BSDs (cmake, gmake, curl) to depends/README.md
160- #32719 doc, windows: CompanyName "Bitcoin" => "Bitcoin Core project"
161- #32776 doc: taproot became always active in v24.0
162- #32777 doc: fix Transifex 404s
163- #32846 doc: clarify that the "-j N" goes after the "--build build" part
164- #32858 doc: Add workaround for vcpkg issue with paths with embedded spaces
165- #33070 doc/zmq: fix unix socket path example
166- #33088 doc: move cmake -B build -LH up in Unix build docs
167- #33133 rpc: fix getpeerinfo ping duration unit docs
168- #33119 rpc: Fix 'getdescriptoractivity' RPCHelpMan, add test to verify fix
169- #33236 doc: Remove wrong and redundant doxygen tag
170
171### CI
172
173- #32184 ci: Add workaround for vcpkg's libevent package
174- #33261 ci: return to using dash in CentOS job
175
176### Misc
177
178- #32187 refactor: Remove spurious virtual from final ~CZMQNotificationInterface
179- #32454 tracing: fix invalid argument in mempool_monitor
180- #32771 contrib: tracing: Fix read of pmsg_type in p2p_monitor.py
181- #33086 contrib: [tracing] fix pointer argument handling in mempool_monitor.py
182
183Credits
184=======
185
186Thanks to everyone who directly contributed to this release:
187
188- 0xB10C
189- achow101
190- Antoine Poinsot
191- benthecarman
192- bigspider
193- Brandon Odiwuor
194- brunoerg
195- Bufo
196- Christewart
197- Crypt-iQ
198- davidgumberg
199- deadmanoz
200- dergoegge
201- enirox001
202- fanquake
203- furszy
204- glozow
205- instagibbs
206- Hennadii Stepanov
207- hodlinator
208- ismaelsadeeq
209- jb55
210- jlopp
211- josibake
212- laanwj
213- luisschwab
214- MarcoFalke
215- Martin Zumsande
216- monlovesmango
217- nervana21
218- pablomartin4btc
219- rkrux
220- romanz
221- ryanofsky
222- Sjors
223- theStack
224- willcl-ark
225- zaidmstrr
226
227As well as to everyone that helped with translations on
228[Transifex](https://explore.transifex.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/).
229
230

src/wallet/receive.cpp

src/wallet/coinselection.cpp

src/consensus/validation.h

src/primitives/transaction.cpp

src/script/descriptor.cpp

src/bitcoin-cli.cpp

src/rpc/blockchain.cpp

src/rpc/rawtransaction.cpp

src/init.cpp

src/crypto/sha256.cpp

src/consensus/merkle.h

src/consensus/tx_check.h

src/consensus/tx_verify.h

src/policy/feerate.h

src/policy/feerate.cpp

src/primitives/transaction_identifier.h

src/chainparamsbase.h

src/chainparamsbase.cpp

src/util/moneystr.cpp

src/crypto/ripemd160.h

src/crypto/sha1.h

src/crypto/sha512.h

src/crypto/hmac_sha256.h

src/crypto/hmac_sha512.h

src/crypto/hmac_sha256.cpp

src/crypto/hmac_sha512.cpp

src/crypto/hkdf_sha256_32.h

src/crypto/hkdf_sha256_32.cpp

src/support/cleanse.h

src/support/cleanse.cpp

src/crypto/siphash.cpp

src/crypto/muhash.h

src/crypto/chacha20.h

src/crypto/poly1305.h

src/crypto/chacha20poly1305.h

src/crypto/chacha20poly1305.cpp

src/util/chaintype.cpp

src/util/obfuscation.h

src/util/byte_units.h

src/util/overflow.h

src/blockencodings.cpp

src/net_permissions.cpp

src/policy/packages.cpp

src/policy/rbf.cpp

src/policy/truc_policy.cpp

src/policy/ephemeral_policy.cpp

src/policy/settings.cpp

src/policy/policy.cpp

src/node/transaction.cpp

src/node/coin.cpp

src/rpc/client.cpp

src/rpc/external_signer.cpp

src/rpc/request.cpp

src/rpc/server_util.cpp

src/rpc/fees.cpp

src/rpc/output_script.cpp

src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.cpp

src/rpc/rawtransaction_util.h

src/rpc/register.h

src/rpc/request.h

src/rpc/server_util.h

src/rpc/protocol.h

src/rpc/server.h

src/rpc/signmessage.cpp

src/rpc/txoutproof.cpp

src/rpc/util.cpp

src/rpc/util.h

src/wallet/rpc/addresses.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/backup.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/coins.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/encrypt.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/signmessage.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/util.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/util.h

src/wallet/coincontrol.cpp

src/wallet/coincontrol.h

src/wallet/context.cpp

src/wallet/context.h

src/wallet/crypter.cpp

src/wallet/crypter.h

src/wallet/db.cpp

src/wallet/export.cpp

src/wallet/external_signer_scriptpubkeyman.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/spend.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/transactions.cpp

src/wallet/rpc/wallet.cpp

src/wallet/feebumper.cpp

src/wallet/feebumper.h

src/index/base.h

src/index/base.cpp

src/index/txindex.h

src/index/txindex.cpp

src/index/txindex_key.h

src/index/txospenderindex.h

src/index/txospenderindex.cpp

src/index/blockfilterindex.h

src/index/blockfilterindex.cpp

src/index/coinstatsindex.h

src/index/coinstatsindex.cpp

src/index/db_key.h

src/index/disktxpos.h

src/kernel/chain.cpp

src/kernel/chain.h

src/kernel/checks.cpp

src/kernel/checks.h

src/kernel/context.cpp

src/kernel/context.h

src/kernel/cs_main.cpp

src/kernel/cs_main.h

src/kernel/disconnected_transactions.cpp

src/kernel/disconnected_transactions.h

src/kernel/mempool_removal_reason.cpp

src/kernel/mempool_removal_reason.h

src/kernel/coinstats.cpp

src/kernel/coinstats.h

src/kernel/chainparams.cpp

src/kernel/chainparams.h

src/wallet/sqlite.cpp

src/wallet/sqlite.h

src/wallet/transaction.cpp

src/wallet/transaction.h

src/wallet/dump.cpp

src/wallet/dump.h

src/wallet/init.cpp

src/wallet/walletutil.cpp

src/wallet/walletutil.h

src/wallet/wallettool.cpp

src/wallet/wallettool.h

src/wallet/export.h

src/wallet/migrate.cpp

src/wallet/migrate.h

src/wallet/db.h

src/wallet/walletdb.cpp

src/wallet/interfaces.cpp

src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.cpp

src/wallet/scriptpubkeyman.h

src/kernel/bitcoinkernel.cpp

src/kernel/bitcoinkernel.h

src/kernel/bitcoinkernel_wrapper.h

src/node/chainstate.cpp

src/node/chainstate.h

src/node/blockstorage.cpp

src/node/blockstorage.h

src/node/mempool_persist.cpp

src/node/mempool_persist.h

src/node/utxo_snapshot.cpp

src/node/utxo_snapshot.h

src/node/kernel_notifications.cpp

src/node/kernel_notifications.h

src/node/blockmanager_args.cpp

src/kernel/blockmanager_opts.h

src/util/expected.cpp

src/policy/settings.h

src/util/types.h

src/kernel/messagestartchars.h

src/kernel/warning.h

src/util/exception.h

src/common/license_info.h

src/node/coins_view_args.h

src/node/database_args.h

src/util/batchpriority.h

src/util/ui_change_type.h

src/node/coins_view_args.cpp

src/node/peerman_args.h

src/util/serfloat.h

src/node/blockmanager_args.h

src/node/database_args.cpp

src/util/overloaded.h

src/interfaces/types.h

src/node/chainstatemanager_args.h

src/node/minisketchwrapper.h

src/util/macros.h

src/util/syserror.h

src/common/run_command.h

src/util/bytevectorhash.cpp

src/node/mempool_persist_args.cpp

src/util/exec.h

src/util/rbf.h

src/crypto/hex_base.h

src/node/mempool_persist_args.h

src/interfaces/echo.h

src/util/any.h

src/util/batchpriority.cpp

src/util/threadnames.h

src/node/coin.h

src/node/mempool_args.h

src/util/asmap.h

src/util/bytevectorhash.h

src/node/context.cpp

src/util/insert.h

src/util/readwritefile.h

src/node/peerman_args.cpp

src/node/interface_ui.cpp

src/interfaces/handler.h

src/node/mining_args.h

src/util/hasher.cpp

src/common/init.h

src/kernel/mempool_limits.h

src/common/system.h

src/crypto/sha3.h

src/util/threadinterrupt.cpp

src/node/protocol_version.h

src/util/exception.cpp

src/common/messages.h

src/node/connection_types.cpp

src/util/bip32.h

src/common/license_info.cpp

src/util/stdmutex.h

src/common/run_command.cpp

src/util/check.cpp

src/util/golombrice.h

src/node/types.h

src/node/timeoffsets.h

src/util/readwritefile.cpp

src/util/fastrange.h

src/util/signalinterrupt.h

src/util/task_runner.h

src/util/syserror.cpp

src/common/interfaces.cpp

src/common/types.h

src/util/threadinterrupt.h

src/kernel/chainstatemanager_opts.h

src/node/psbt.h

src/policy/ephemeral_policy.h

src/util/trace.h

src/common/url.cpp

src/kernel/mempool_options.h

src/util/serfloat.cpp

src/kernel/notifications_interface.h

src/node/timeoffsets.cpp

src/node/warnings.cpp

src/util/hash_type.h

src/crypto/hex_base.cpp

src/node/eviction.h

src/util/tokenbucket.h

src/crypto/aes.h

src/common/pcp.h

src/util/feefrac.cpp

src/node/transaction.h

src/util/threadnames.cpp

src/common/signmessage.h

src/util/exec.cpp

src/util/signalinterrupt.cpp

Independent explanations by MyBitcoinExplorer. Not affiliated with or endorsed by Bitcoin Core. Guides are educational and do not replace the source or its tests.

Bitcoin Core source © its contributors, distributed under the MIT license. Original notices and bundled third-party licenses are retained in the source tree.